ATOM

ATOM

• Definisi Atom

    Atom adalah suatu satuan dasar materi, yang terdiri atas inti atom serta awan elektron bermuatan negatif yang mengelilinginya.

Menurut para pakar :

Teori atom Dalton menerangkan reaksi-reaksi kimia antar zat-zat. Dalton mengemukakan bahwa :
1. atom merupakan partikel terkecil yang tidak dapat dibagi
2. atom-atom suatu unsur semuanya serupa dan tidak dapat berubah menjadi atom unsur lain
3. dua atom atau lebih dapat bergabung membentuk suatu molekul
4. pada reaksi kimia, atom-atom dapat berpisah dan bergabung kembali dengan susunan berbeda, tetapi massa keseluruhan tetap.

Teori atom menurut Thomson. Atom merupakan bola pejal yang bermuatan positif dan didalamya tersebar muatan negatif elektron.

Para pakar atau penemu atom seperti Neils Bohr, Demokritus, mereka mendefinisikan arti atom dengan cara yang berbeda - beda, tapi saling berkisinambungan dan berusaha memperbaiki teori yang salah dari pemuka teori sebelumnya.

a. Partikel dasar : partikel-partikel pembentuk atom yang terdiri dari elektron, proton den neutron. 1. Proton : partikel pembentuk atom yang mempunyai massa sama dengan satu sma (amu) dan bermuatan +1. 2. Neutron : partikel pembentuk atom yang bermassa satu sma (amu) dan netral. 3. Elektron : partikel pembentuk atom yang tidak mempunyai massa dan bermuatan -1. b. Nukleus : Inti atom yang bermuatan positif, terdiri dari proton den neutron. c. Notasi unsur : zA A dengan X : tanda atom (unsur) Z : nomor atom = jumlah elektron (e) = jumlah proton (p) A : bilangan massa = jumlah proton + neutron Pada atom netral, berlaku: jumlah elektron = jumlah proton. Contoh : 1. Tentukan jumlah elektron, proton den neutron dari unsur 2656 Fe ! Jawab : Jumlah elektron = jumlah proton = nomor atom = 26 Jumlah neutron = bilangan massa - nomor atom = 56 - 26 = 30 2. Berikan notasi unsur X, jika diketahui jumlah neutron = 14 dan jumlah elektron = 13 ! Jawab : Nomor atom = jumlah elektron = 13 Bilangan massa = jumlah proton + neutron = 13 + 14 = 27 Jadi notasi unsurnya: 13 27 X d. Atom tak netral : atom yang bermuatan listrik karena kelebihan atau kekurangan elektron bila dibandingkan dengan atom netralnya. Atom bermuatan positif bila kekurangan elektron, disebut kation. Atom bermuatan negatif bila kelebihan elektron, disebut anion. Contoh: - Na+  : kation dengan kekurangan 1 elektron - Mg2- : kation dengan kekurangan 2 elektron - Cl-    : anion dengan kelebihan 1 elektron - O2     : anion dengan kelebihan 2 elektron e. Isotop : unsur yang nomor atomnya sama, tetapi berbeda bilangan massanya. Contoh: Isotop oksigen: 816 O ; 817 O ; 818 O f. Isobar : unsur yang bilangan massanya sama, tetapi berbeda nomor atomnya. Contoh: 2759 CO dengan 2859 Ni g. Isoton : unsur dengan jumlah neutron yang sama. Contoh: 613 C dengan 714 N h. Iso elektron: atom/ion dengan jumlah elektron yang sama. Contoh: Na+ dengan Mg2+                  K+ dengan Ar sumber : http://giovanny36.blogspot.com/

 

Tugas Bahasa Inggris Macam-macam Tenses

TENSES

Ø Macam-macam tenses

1.     Simple Present Tense : S + V1 ( Used refer to costum,focts and event that happen in the present )

2.     Present Continuous Tense : S + am/is/are + present participle ( used to refer to event’s that accus now )

3.     Present Perfect Tense : S + have/has + Present Participle

4.     Present perfect Continuous Tense :  S +  have/has + been + present participle

5.     Simple Past Tense : S + V2

6.     Past Continuous Tense : S + was/were + Present Participle

7.     Past Perfect Tense : S + had + Past Participle

8.     Past perfect Continuous Tense : S + had + been + present Participle

9.     Simple Future Tense : S + will + bare infinitive + S + be( is/am/are) + going + infinitive.

10.                        Future Continuous Tense : S + will+ be + Present Participle

11.                        Future Perfect Tense : S + will + have + Present Participle

12.                        Future Perfect continuous Tense : s + will + been + Present Participle

13.                        Simple Past Future :  S + would + be + bare infinitive

14.                        Past Future Continuous Tense : S + would + be + Present Participle

15.                        Past Future Perfect :  S + would + have + Past Participle

16.                        Past Future perfect Continuous Tense : S + would + have + been + Present Participle.

a)     Simple Present Tense

·        Statement

a)     (+)  She drive a car to university

( - ) She doesn’t drive a car to university

( ? ) Does she drive a car to university?

b)    ( + ) I likes the cinema

( - ) I don’t like the cinema

( ? ) Do you like the cinema?

c)     ( + ) Sonia Writes short stories

( - ) Sonia doesn’t write short stories

( ? ) Does Sonia write short stories

d)    ( + ) They lives in Bogor

( - ) They don’t live in Bogor

( ? ) Do They live in Bogor?

e)     ( + ) Rina works at a bank

( - ) Rina doesn’t work at a bank

( ? ) Does Rina work at a bank?

f)      ( + ) He sings well

( - ) He doesn’t sing well

( ? ) Does He sing well?

g)     ( + ) They knows my phone number

( - ) They don’t know my phone number

( ? )  Do they know my phone number

h)    ( + ) We works very hard

( - ) We don’t work very hard

( ? ) Do we work very hard ?

i)       ( + ) she loves dancing

( - ) She doesn’t love dancing

( ? ) Does she love dancing

j)       ( + ) I speaks English everyday

( - ) I don’t speak English everyday

( ? ) Do I speak English everyday

·        Wh. Question

a.     Where are you work now ?

b.     Why are you speak English everyday ?

c.      How you can work in bank ?

d.     When you sing well ?

e.      What are you doing in the bank ?

·        Yes/No Question

a.     Do you speak English everyday ?

b.     Does she love dancing ?

c.      Do you live in Bogor ?

d.     Does he sing well ?

e.      Does she drive a car to university ?

·        Question Tag

a.     She don’t speak English everyday, do she ?

b.     She doesn’t love dancing, does she ?

c.      He does sing well, doesn’t he?

d.     She does drive a car to university, doesn’t she?

e.      Rina doesn’t work at a bank, does she?

b)    Present Continuous Tense

·        Statement

a)     ( + ) They are watching Television

( - ) They aren’t watching television

( ? ) Are They watching television ?

b)    ( + ) Tina is studying really hard for her exams this week

( - ) Tina isn’t studying really for her exams this week

( ? ) Is Tina studying really for her exams this week ?

c)     ( + ) They are working hard

( - ) They aren’t working hard

( ? ) Are they working hard ?

d)    ( + ) She is reading  book in library now

( - ) She isn’t  reading book in library now

( ? ) Is she reading book in library now?

e)     ( + ) We are going on holiday next week.

( - ) We aren’t going on holiday next week.

( ? ) Are we doing on holiday next wee?

f)      ( + ) He is working on midnight.

( - ) He isn’t  working on midnight.

( ? ) Is he working on midnight ?

g)     ( + ) She is sleeping without a pillow.

( - ) She isn’t sleeping without a pillow.

( ? ) Is She sleeping without a pillow ?

h)    ( + ) They are still sleeping in her bedroom

( - ) They aren’t still sleeping in her bedroom.

( ? ) Are They still sleeping in her bedroom?

i)       ( + ) She is cooking in the kitchen.

( - ) She isn’t cooking in the kitchen.

( ? ) Is She cooking in the kitchen ?

j)       ( + ) They are playing football.

( - ) They aren’t playing football.

( ? ) Are They playing football?

·        Wh. Question

a.     Where they fall asleep?

b.     Who is watching television in the living room ?

c.      When she reading book in the library?

d.     How She sleeping without a pillow?

e.      Where they playing football ?

·        Question Tag

a.     They are playing football, aren’t they?

b.     She is sleeping without a pillow, isn’t she?

c.      She is reading book in library, isn’t she?

d.     They are watching television, aren’t they?

e.      She isn’t cooking in the kitchen, is she ?

·        Yes/No Question

a.     Is she cooking in the kitchen ?

b.     Are they playing football ?

c.      Is she  reading book in library now ?

d.     Are they  working hard ?

e.      Are they still sleeping in her bedroom ?

c)     Present Perfect Tense

·        Statement

a.     ( + ) Dani has worked in that company for 5 years.

( - ) Dani hasn’t worked in that company for 5 years.

( ? ) Has Dani worked in that company for 5 years ?

b.     ( + ) We have visited them regularly over the last few years.

( - ) We haven’t visited them regularly over the last few years.

( ? ) Have We visited them regularly over the last few years ?

c.      ( + ) She have never eaten sushi.

( - ) She haven’t never eaten sushi.

( ? ) Have she never eaten sushi ?

d.     ( + ) Rini  has broken her arm.

( - ) Rini hasn’t broken her arm

( ? ) Has rini broken her arm ?

e.      ( + ) I have eaten at that restaurant yet.

( - ) I haven’t eaten at that restaurant yet.

( ? ) Have I eaten at that restaurant yet ?

f.       ( + ) My friends have ever gone to Jawa Tengah.

( - ) My friends haven’t ever gone to Jawa Tengah.

( ? ) Have my friends ever gone to Jawa Tengah ?

g.     ( + ) I have read  in the room.

( - ) I haven’t read in the room.

( ? ) Have I read in the room ?

h.     ( + ) She has  lived in Bandung since 2011.

( - ) She hasn’t lived in Bandung since 2011.

( ? ) Has she lived in Bandung since 2011 ?

i.       ( + ) Karlina has studied English since three years

( - ) Karlina hasn’t studied English since three years.

( ? ) Has karlina studied English since three years ?

j.       ( + ) Joko has watched television in the night.

( - ) Joko hasn’t watched television in the night

( ? ) Has Joko watched television in the night ?

·        Wh. Question

a)     Why has Tia left the country ?

b)    How much money have you spent so far ?

c)     Who ever gone to the Jawa Tengah ?

d)    When Joko has watched television ?

e)     Where she has lived ?

·        Yes/No Question

a)     Has she lived in Bandung since 2011

b)    Has Joko watched television in the night ?

c)     Has Tia left in the country ?

d)    Have my friends ever gone to Jawa Tengah ?

e)     Have she never eaten sushi ?

·        Question Tag

a)     Joko has watched television in the night, hasn’t he?

b)    She hasn’t lived in Bandung since 2011, has she ?

c)     Tia has left in country, hasn’t she ?

d)    My friends have ever gone to Jawa Tengah, haven’t they?

e)     She have never eaten sushi, haven’t she ?

d)    Simple Present Perfect Continuous Tense

·        Statement

a.     ( + ) You have been waiting here for two hours.

( - ) You have not been waiting here for two hours.

( ? ) Have you been waiting here for two hours ?

b.     ( + ) They have been talking for the last hour.

( - ) They have not been talking for  the last hour.

( ? ) Have they been talking for the last hour ?

c.      ( + ) She has been working at that company for two years

( - ) She has not been working at that company for two years.

( ? ) Has she been working at that company for two years ?

d.     ( + ) You have been doing for the last 20 minutes.

( - ) You have not been doing for the last 20 minutes.

( ? ) Have you been doing for the last 20 minutes ?

e.      ( + ) Tito has been teaching at the university since July

( - ) Tito has not been teaching at the university since July

( ? ) Has Tito been teaching at the university since July ?

f.       ( + ) She has been driving.

( - ) She has not been driving

( ? ) Has she been driving ?

g.     ( + ) The toddlers have been sleeping.

( - ) The toddlers have not been sleeping.

( ? ) Have the toddlers been sleeping ?

h.     ( + ) Maudy have been working with computer all day.

( - ) Maudy have not been working with computer all day.

( ? ) Have Maudy been working with computer all day ?

i.       ( + ) I has been studying English now.

( - ) I has not been studying English now.

( ? ) Has I been studying English now ?

j.       ( + ) I has been reading novel now.

( - ) I has not been reading novel now.

( ? ) Has I been reading novel now ?

·        Wh. Question

a)     What you has been reading now ?

b)    What you has been studying now  ?

c)     When Maudy have been working ?

d)    Where you has been reading now ?

e)     How maudy heve been working with computer ?

·        Yes/No Question

a)     Have Maudy been working with computer all day ?

b)    Has I been reading novel now ?

c)     Have the toddlers been sleeping ?

d)    Has Tito been teaching at the university since July ?

e)     Have they been talking for the last hour ?

·        Question Tag

a)     Maudy have been working with computer all day, haven’t she ?

b)    I has been reading novel now, hasn’t she ?

c)     Tito has been teaching at the university since July, hasn’t he ?

d)    They have been talking for the last hour, haven’t  they ?

e)     She has been driving, hasn’t she ?

e)     Simple Past Tense

·        Statement

a.     ( + ) The teacher came.

( - ) The teacher didn’t came

( ? ) Did the teacher came ?

b.     ( + ) She did a stamp collector.

( - ) She didn’t  a stamp collector.

( ? ) Did she a stamp collector ?

c.      ( + ) Via went to the flower garden last week.

( - ) Via didn’t went to the flower garden last week.

( ? ) Did Via went to the flower garden last week?

d.     ( + ) The party started at 08.00 am.

( - ) The party didn’t started at 08.00 am.

( ? ) Did the party started at 08.00 am ?

e.      ( + ) I often did exercises in the gym when I lived in Bandung.

( - ) I often didn’t exercises the gym when I lived in Bandung.

( ? ) Did I often exercises the gym when I lived in Bandung ?

f.       ( + ) When I did a senior high school student, I always got up 7 am.

( - ) When I didn’t  a senior high school student, I always got up 7 am.

( ? ) Did when I a senior high school student, I always got ap 7 am ?

g.     ( + ) I did cried because my best friend will live in Bogor.

( - ) I didn’t  cried because my best friend will live in Bogor.

( ? ) Did I cried because my best friend will live in Bogor ?

h.     ( + ) The boys played football at the garden.

( - ) The boys didn’t played football at the garden.

( ? ) Did the boys played football at the garden ?

i.       ( + ) I finished her work at seven o’clock

( - ) I didn’t  finished her work at seven o’clock

( ? ) Did I finished her work at svsen o’clock ?

j.       ( + ) She played the piano in the living room.

( - ) she didn’t played the piano in the living room.

( ? ) Did she played the piano in the living room ?

·        Wh. Question

a)     Where did  she go ?

b)    What did you do yesterday ?

c)     Where did she played the piano ?

d)    When was you finished her work ?

e)     When did the party started ?

·        Yes/No Question

a)     Did she played the piano in the living room ?

b)    Was I finished her work at seven o’clock ?

c)     Did the boys played football at the garden ?

d)    Did Via went to the flower garden last week?

e)     Did the teacher came ?

·        Question Tag

a)     She did played the piano in living room, didn’t she ?

b)    I was finished her work at seven o’clock, wasn’t I ?

c)     The boys did played football at the garden, didn’t he ?

d)    Via did went to the flower garden last week, didn’t she ?

e)     The teacher did came, didn’t he ?

f.       Past Continuous Tense

·        Statement

a.     ( + )The team was running

( - ) The team was not running

( ? ) Was the team running ?

b.     ( + ) Dina was shopping yesterday.

( - ) Dina was not shopping yesterday

( ? ) Was Dina shopping yesterday ?

c.      ( + ) She was sleeping in the night.

( - ) She was not sleeping in the night.

( ? ) Was she sleeping in the night ?

d.     ( + ) They were roasting corn last night.

( - ) They were not roasting corn last night.

( ? ) Were They roasting  corn last night ?

e.      ( + ) He was still studying in the night.

( - ) He was not still studying in the night.

( ? ) Was He still studying in the night ?

f.       ( + ) They were always yelling out loud.

( - ) They were not always yelling out loud.

( ? ) Were they always yelling out loud ?

g.     ( + ) He was always chasing stray dogs off with his broom.

( - ) He was not always chasing stray dogs off with his broom.

( ? ) Was He always chasing stray dogs off with his broom ?

h.     ( + ) I was writing

( - ) I was not writing.

( ? ) Was you writing ?

i.       ( + ) She was cooking when I telephoned her.

( - ) She was not cooking when I telephoned her.

( ? ) Was she cooking when I telephoned her ?

j.       ( + ) I was making cake

( - ) I wasn’t making cake.

( ? ) Was you making cake ?

·        Wh. Question

a)     What was she making ?

b)    Where was Dina shopping yesterday ?

c)     When was She cooking ?

d)    Who Was sleeping in the night ?

e)     How was you making cake ?

·        Yes/No Question

a)     Was He always chasing stray dogs off with his broom ?

b)    Was He still studying in the night ?

c)     Was He always chasing stray dogs off with his broom ?

d)    Was you making cake ?

e)     Was she cooking when I telephoned her ?

·        Question Tag

a)     He was always chasing stray dogs off with his broom, wasn’t he ?

b)    He was not still studying in the night, was He ?

c)     She was cooking when I telephoned her, wasn’t he ?

d)    They were roasting corn last night, weren’t they ?

e)     They were always yelling out loud, weren’t they ?

g.     Past Future perfect Continuous

·        Statement

a)     ( + ) They would have been working.

( - ) They would not have been working.

( ? ) Would they have been working ?

b)    ( + ) By last Wednesday I should have been sailing for two days.

( - ) By last Wednesday I should not have been sailing fot two days.

( ? ) Should I have been sailing for two days ?

c)     ( + ) Paul would have been studying for three hours.

( - ) Paul would not have been studying for three hours.

( ? ) Would paul have been studying for three hours ?

d)    ( + ) Dina would have been sleeping just six hours.

( - ) Dina would not have been sleeping just six hours.

( ? ) Would Dina have been sleeping just six hours.

e)     ( + ) Tuti would have been making cake at kitchen.

( - ) Tuti would not have been making cake at ktchen.

( ? ) Would Tuti have been making cake at kitchen ?

f)      ( + ) Tina and I would have been going to Bandung.

( - ) Tina and I would not have been going to Bandung.

( ? ) Would Tina and I have been going to Bandung ?

g)     ( + ) Vina would have been cooking for dinner.

( - ) Vina would not have been cooking for dinner.

             ( ? ) Would vina have been cooking for dinner ?

h)    ( + ) John would have been playing football.

( - ) John would not have been playing football.

( ? ) Would John have been playing football ?

i)       ( + ) Fika would have been shopping in the mall yesterday.

( - ) Fika would not have been shopping in the mall yesterday.

( ? ) Would fika have been shopping in the mall yesterday ?

j)       ( + ) Nina would have been writing

( - ) Nina would not have been writing

( ? ) Would Nina have been writing ?

·        Wh. Question

a.     What would have been Nina writing ?

b.     How long would have been Paul studying ?

c.      When John would have been playing football ?

d.     Where Fika would have been shopping yesterday ?

e.      Who fika would have been shopping in the mall yesterday ?

·        Yes/No Question

a)     Would nina have been writing ?

b)    Would fika have been shopping in the mall yesterday ?

c)     Would John have been playing football ?

d)    Would vina have been cooking for dinner ?

e)     Would they have been working ?

·        Question Tag

a)     Nina would have been writing, would not she ?

b)    They would have been working, would not they ?

c)     Vina would have been cooking for dinner, would not she ?

d)    John would have been playing football, would not he ?

e)     Fika would have been shopping in the mall yesterday, would she ?